I feel an obligation to inform the newbies of what they’re getting into with valve replacement. They need to know that the advantage of tissue valves is that they get a decreased risk of thromboembolism. However, they need to know that in order to get this decreased risk of thromboembolism they have to sign up for open heart surgery on a periodic basis (approximately every 12 years or so), and that is pretty well established and guaranteed. They need to know that they’ll have a breathing tube shoved down their throat, their heart will be stopped and the blood in their body will be artificially pumped in and out of their body by the heart lung bypass machine, using catheters attached to their aorta and the jugular vein in their neck. They’ll have IVs and catheters inserted in both wrists, in their urinary tract, and they’ll probably spend about a week, maybe more, in the hospital , barely able to walk, and take another several weeks hobbling around recuperating. The whole thing will cost probably $100K or more. And there is a risk that they could die during the operation. All that so that they can have a decreased risk of thromboembolism. Yes, I think they need to be informed. If, after they’ve been informed and know the facts, they can make their choice.