Unfortunately, the Univerity of Kansas verifies that the salmonella is indeed inside the egg, and is transferred from the egg-laying parts of an infected chicken. Any uncooked part of the egg may carry the germ.
However, it is highly unlikely that the problem you encountered a couple of hours after eating the sunny-side-up egg had anything whatsoever to do with salmonella. The CDC's description put your experience outside the bacterium's etiology (boldings mine):
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/salmonellosis_g.htm#How common is salmonellosis Salmonellosis is an infection with a bacteria called Salmonella. Most persons infected with Salmonella develop diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps
12 to 72 hours after infection. The illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days, and most persons recover without treatment. However, in some persons the diarrhea may be so severe that the patient needs to be hospitalized.
Those 24-hour bugs may be from germy counters, but they're not from salmonella, and not from your sunny-side-up eggs.
So what is your risk level, really?
http://www.mercola.com/2002/nov/13/eggs.htm#When you carefully analyze the risk of contracting salmonella from raw eggs, you will find that it is actually quite low. A study by the U.S. Department of Agriculture earlier this year (Risk Analysis April 2002 22(2):203-18) showed that of the 69 billion eggs produced annually, only 2.3 million of them are contaminated with salmonella.
So simple math suggests that only 0.003 percent of eggs are infected. The translation is that only one in every 30,000 eggs is contaminated with salmonella. This gives you an idea of how uncommon this problem actually is.
The Univerity of Kansas agrees with the 2.3M estimate of affected eggs.
If you get organically farmed eggs, the risk of salmonella goes down, as free-range chickens and chickens grown in uncrowded circumstances don't pass the germ as readily, and aren't crowded into areas that breed and maintain the bacterium.
A side note, for those who do cook their eggs fully: you are safe. Cooking does kill salmonella. Since the vast majority of those 2.3M eggs will be eaten fully cooked, the number of people actually exposed to live salmonella is far smaller than even the 0.003% would suggest.
How to avoiid it? Ruin your food! (More from the CDC...)
There is no vaccine to prevent salmonellosis. Since foods of animal origin may be contaminated with Salmonella, people should not eat raw or undercooked eggs, poultry, or meat. Raw eggs may be unrecognized in some foods such as homemade hollandaise sauce, caesar and other homemade salad dressings, tiramisu, homemade ice cream, homemade mayonnaise, cookie dough, and frostings. Poultry and meat, including hamburgers, should be well-cooked, not pink in the middle. Persons also should not consume raw or unpasteurized milk or other dairy products. Produce should be thoroughly washed before consuming.
Cross-contamination of foods should be avoided. Uncooked meats should be keep separate from produce, cooked foods, and ready-to-eat foods. Hands, cutting boards, counters, knives, and other utensils should be washed thoroughly after handling uncooked foods. Hand should be washed before handling any food, and between handling different food items...
...People should wash their hands after contact with animal feces. Since reptiles are particularly likely to have Salmonella, everyone should immediately wash their hands after handling reptiles. Reptiles (including turtles) are not appropriate pets for small children and should not be in the same house as an infant.
Hmmm. People should wash their hands after contact with animal feces. Who'd have guessed?
No pink in your hamurger, steak, or lamb. No pink. Cooked to death. That's the governement for you. I like a little pink in my steaks. I like my eggs over easy. Pat loves hollandaise sauce and homemade mayonnaise.
And the reason those poor, maligned turtles developed salmonella was that they were kept in a tiny, stagnant pool with a plastic palm tree. Since turtles defecate in the warm, unchanged water, the bacterium had all it needed to grow. Not unlike a certain stadium in New Orleans...
I say the heck with the Feds. There is a far greater chance of running into a deer with your car than developing salmonella from an undercooked egg or a medium rare steak. Eggnogs all around!
Bon appétit,
. Unless, of course, that is what caused my mitral valve to tank. 
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