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From the Journal of the American Medical Association's January 26, 2005 issue:
www.jama.com
CLINICIAN?S CORNER CLINICAL REVIEW
Angina With ?Normal? Coronary Arteries
A Changing Philosophy
Raffaele Bugiardini, MD
C. Noel Bairey Merz, MD
EACH YEAR, MANY WOMEN ARE told that they have no significant heart disease following demonstration of ?normal? or near-normal coronary arteries after coronary angiography and are offered no treatment beyond reassurance. New data suggest that this approach may no longer be appropriate. Specifically, patients with chest pain and normal or near-normal coronary angiograms are a group in which the prognosis is not as benign as previously thought.
METHODS
We searched English-language studies on MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from the database start dates to June 2004. Among the specific key words and phrases we used were pathophysiology, diagnosis and therapy of angina with normal angiography; angina with normal coronary arteries; cardiac syndrome X, nonobstructive coronary disease and variant angina; etiology of chest pain of non-cardiac origin; and endothelial dysfunction and prognosis.We also consulted reference lists of published articles and data from meeting presentations.
Evidence synthesis was based on cohort studies, registry data, and trial
data.
RESULTS
Many women with angina are told that they have no significant heart disease
following demonstration of normal or near-normal coronary arteries and are offered no specific treatment beyond reassurance.
Normal or nonobstructive coronary disease at angiography is not uncommon and occurs in 10% of women presenting with ST-segment elevation
myocardial infarction compared with 6% in men. Patients with evidence of
myocardial ischemia or myocardial infarction and nonobstructive atherosclerotic disease of the coronary arteries are more likely to be women and nonwhite. Symptoms are often indistinguishable from those with obstructive coronary artery disease. The prognosis of patients with unstable angina and nonobstructive atherosclerotic coronary artery disease is not benign and includes a 2% risk of death or myocardial infarction at 30 days of follow-up. Recent work has shown that at least 20% of women with normal or nonobstructive angiography have myocardial ischemia, likely due to atherosclerosis-related endothelial dysfunction, which itself is associated
with an increased risk of later adverse cardiac events and development of
frank future obstructive disease. Randomized placebo-controlled studies have demonstrated that tricyclic antidepressants, -blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, L-arginine, statins, and exercise may relieve symptoms, vascular dysfunction, or both; however, longer-term studies evaluating cardiac event rates need to be performed.
CONCLUSIONS
Patients with chest pain and normal or nonobstructive coronary
angiograms are predominantly women, and many have a prognosis that is not as benign as commonly thought. Assessment of endothelial function may help identify patients at risk for future cardiac events. Therapy should be directed at symptom relief with tricyclic agents and -blockers, and aggressive antiatherosclerotic therapy with statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or both should be applied when risk factors are present or prognostic risk is high. Large-scale randomized trials need to be conducted to determine optimal ways of preventing clinical events.
www.jama.com
CLINICIAN?S CORNER CLINICAL REVIEW
Angina With ?Normal? Coronary Arteries
A Changing Philosophy
Raffaele Bugiardini, MD
C. Noel Bairey Merz, MD
EACH YEAR, MANY WOMEN ARE told that they have no significant heart disease following demonstration of ?normal? or near-normal coronary arteries after coronary angiography and are offered no treatment beyond reassurance. New data suggest that this approach may no longer be appropriate. Specifically, patients with chest pain and normal or near-normal coronary angiograms are a group in which the prognosis is not as benign as previously thought.
METHODS
We searched English-language studies on MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from the database start dates to June 2004. Among the specific key words and phrases we used were pathophysiology, diagnosis and therapy of angina with normal angiography; angina with normal coronary arteries; cardiac syndrome X, nonobstructive coronary disease and variant angina; etiology of chest pain of non-cardiac origin; and endothelial dysfunction and prognosis.We also consulted reference lists of published articles and data from meeting presentations.
Evidence synthesis was based on cohort studies, registry data, and trial
data.
RESULTS
Many women with angina are told that they have no significant heart disease
following demonstration of normal or near-normal coronary arteries and are offered no specific treatment beyond reassurance.
Normal or nonobstructive coronary disease at angiography is not uncommon and occurs in 10% of women presenting with ST-segment elevation
myocardial infarction compared with 6% in men. Patients with evidence of
myocardial ischemia or myocardial infarction and nonobstructive atherosclerotic disease of the coronary arteries are more likely to be women and nonwhite. Symptoms are often indistinguishable from those with obstructive coronary artery disease. The prognosis of patients with unstable angina and nonobstructive atherosclerotic coronary artery disease is not benign and includes a 2% risk of death or myocardial infarction at 30 days of follow-up. Recent work has shown that at least 20% of women with normal or nonobstructive angiography have myocardial ischemia, likely due to atherosclerosis-related endothelial dysfunction, which itself is associated
with an increased risk of later adverse cardiac events and development of
frank future obstructive disease. Randomized placebo-controlled studies have demonstrated that tricyclic antidepressants, -blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, L-arginine, statins, and exercise may relieve symptoms, vascular dysfunction, or both; however, longer-term studies evaluating cardiac event rates need to be performed.
CONCLUSIONS
Patients with chest pain and normal or nonobstructive coronary
angiograms are predominantly women, and many have a prognosis that is not as benign as commonly thought. Assessment of endothelial function may help identify patients at risk for future cardiac events. Therapy should be directed at symptom relief with tricyclic agents and -blockers, and aggressive antiatherosclerotic therapy with statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or both should be applied when risk factors are present or prognostic risk is high. Large-scale randomized trials need to be conducted to determine optimal ways of preventing clinical events.
