Normal is in the eye of the beholder. Many of these values are still being assessed by the medical community.
EFs (ejection fractions) used to be termed as normal between 45% and 65%. Now normal has been stratched from 40% to 75%. In my opinion, anyone who is not a practicing athlete who has an EFover 65% should be finding out why. Most likely, they will have a valve or other heart problem and ventricluar hypertrophy (enlargement).
The aperture size at which aortic replacement should be done is also in constant debate. It used to be fair game for surgery if it was under 1 cm². However, I have recently seen a number of cardiologists hold back their clients until the aperture reaches .6 cm² or less, particularly their female patients.
I think the old, 1.0 cm² standard allows for better surgical results. I also believe that .8 cm² should be considered critical mass for surgery even without obvious symptoms - for females as well as males. My slogan would be, "Don't wait past point eight."
Normalcy for left ventricle diameters and many other heart measurements are also matters of debate.
Most commonly, a "normal" aortic valve aperture (opening) is shown as 3-4 cm². However, 2.5 - 4 cm² is more accurately inclusive for smaller-sized people, and is probably considered normal by enough medical people to be an acceptable range as well. Certainly it would be debatable whether there would be any measurable stenosis at a 2.5 cm² size, especially in a smaller person.
More often, regurgitation (or regurgitation and stenosis combined) is the problem with BAVs, rather than simple stenosis. Regurgitation is when blood leaks back through the aortic valve after it has closed. Often, the apatite deposits (mostly calcium) that cause stenosis also inhibit the valve from closing fully, resulting in leakage (regurgitation, a.k.a. insufficiency).
Best wishes,
