K
KimC
I found the article below in "Cardio. Today," a journal I came across during a doctor's visit.
I knew I should've eaten my veggies!
Best,
Kim
?Ninety percent or more of the risk of heart disease can be predicted based on nine simple risk factors, all of which are modifiable or potentially modifiable,? Salim Yusuf, MD, professor of medicine at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, told Today in Cardiology.
?The impact of these nine risk factors was similar in all ethnic groups, in men and women, and in all regions of the world. It was especially more marked in young people, which emphasizes that we can prevent most premature heart attacks,? said Yusuf, who also spoke at the European Society of Cardiologists Congress 2004.
INTERHEART methods
INTERHEART?s aim was to evaluate the association of risk factors for MI among differing regions and ethnic groups globally, and to quantify the impact of each risk factor alone.
Population attributable risk was an important consideration; for example, if a risk factor increased the odds for MI to four, but only had 10% prevalence, its impact would be much lower than if the same risk factor were three or four times more prevalent.
Data were collected via a questionnaire on demographic factors, socioeconomic status, lifestyle (smoking, physical activity, dietary patterns, leisure time), health history and risk factors (history of CVD, hypertension, diabetes mellitus), psychosocial factors (depression, locus of control, life events, self-perceived stress) and medications. Physical examination data was gathered as well.
Blood pressure and diabetes data were gathered using a self-report of a previous diagnosis of hypertension.
Mean age of men was about 55 years, about 65 years in women. People in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia had a first infarct about 10 years earlier than those in other regions. ?We?re set for a great increase in cardiovascular disease in these regions,? Yusuf noted.
The nine independent risk factors were high ApoB to ApoA-I ratio, smoking, psychosocial factors, abdominal obesity, diabetes, hypertension, alcohol consumption (which was modestly protective), lack of daily exercise and lack of daily fruit and vegetable consumption. ApoB to ApoA-1 ratio was the strongest risk predictor across the globe (men <55 yrs. 58.9%; men >55 yrs. 45.3%; women <65 yrs. 56.1%; women >65 yrs. 36.3%; all 99% CI).
The second most important risk factor globally was current smoking (young 40.7%; old 33.1%; 99% CI). Smoking one to five cigarettes a day increased risk by 38%, more than the benefits conferred by most secondary prevention, Yusuf said.
A third risk factor was abdominal obesity ? not body mass index (young 24.8%; old 18.1%; 99% CI). ?Very little independent contribution came from BMI; it?s time for us to give up BMI as a sole measure of obesity,? Yusuf said.
Yusuf and his colleagues also looked at psychosocial factors such as depressive mood or self-perceived stress (young 43.5%; old 25.2%; 99% CI). ?It had a substantial impact on population-attributable risk,? he said. ?We have probably underestimated the importance of psychosocial stress,? he said.
I knew I should've eaten my veggies!
Best,
Kim
?Ninety percent or more of the risk of heart disease can be predicted based on nine simple risk factors, all of which are modifiable or potentially modifiable,? Salim Yusuf, MD, professor of medicine at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, told Today in Cardiology.
?The impact of these nine risk factors was similar in all ethnic groups, in men and women, and in all regions of the world. It was especially more marked in young people, which emphasizes that we can prevent most premature heart attacks,? said Yusuf, who also spoke at the European Society of Cardiologists Congress 2004.
INTERHEART methods
INTERHEART?s aim was to evaluate the association of risk factors for MI among differing regions and ethnic groups globally, and to quantify the impact of each risk factor alone.
Population attributable risk was an important consideration; for example, if a risk factor increased the odds for MI to four, but only had 10% prevalence, its impact would be much lower than if the same risk factor were three or four times more prevalent.
Data were collected via a questionnaire on demographic factors, socioeconomic status, lifestyle (smoking, physical activity, dietary patterns, leisure time), health history and risk factors (history of CVD, hypertension, diabetes mellitus), psychosocial factors (depression, locus of control, life events, self-perceived stress) and medications. Physical examination data was gathered as well.
Blood pressure and diabetes data were gathered using a self-report of a previous diagnosis of hypertension.
Mean age of men was about 55 years, about 65 years in women. People in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia had a first infarct about 10 years earlier than those in other regions. ?We?re set for a great increase in cardiovascular disease in these regions,? Yusuf noted.
The nine independent risk factors were high ApoB to ApoA-I ratio, smoking, psychosocial factors, abdominal obesity, diabetes, hypertension, alcohol consumption (which was modestly protective), lack of daily exercise and lack of daily fruit and vegetable consumption. ApoB to ApoA-1 ratio was the strongest risk predictor across the globe (men <55 yrs. 58.9%; men >55 yrs. 45.3%; women <65 yrs. 56.1%; women >65 yrs. 36.3%; all 99% CI).
The second most important risk factor globally was current smoking (young 40.7%; old 33.1%; 99% CI). Smoking one to five cigarettes a day increased risk by 38%, more than the benefits conferred by most secondary prevention, Yusuf said.
A third risk factor was abdominal obesity ? not body mass index (young 24.8%; old 18.1%; 99% CI). ?Very little independent contribution came from BMI; it?s time for us to give up BMI as a sole measure of obesity,? Yusuf said.
Yusuf and his colleagues also looked at psychosocial factors such as depressive mood or self-perceived stress (young 43.5%; old 25.2%; 99% CI). ?It had a substantial impact on population-attributable risk,? he said. ?We have probably underestimated the importance of psychosocial stress,? he said.
, should of taken my vitamins....
